Use of Either Non-invasive Ventilation Immediately Post-extubation or Controlled Mechanical Ventilation for One Hour after Fulfilling Weaning Criteria Decreases Re-intubation of Patients with Post-traumatic ARDS

1. INTRODUCTION

Re-intubation and re-ventilation after complete weaning from prolonged ventilation are considered a major problem in critically ill patients. 5-30% of mechanically ventilated patients who completely weaned from the ventilator and extubated require re-intubation and re-ventilation [1]. Especially those who ventilated for more than one week, this prolongs the duration of ICU stay and starts a vicious circle again with high morbidity and mortality. This vicious circle starts by the development of attacks of VAP (ventilator-associated pneumonia) together with the wasting of diaphragm and respiratory muscle due to prolonged ventilation [2]. All these factors lead to difficulty in weaning from the ventilator and thus increase both morbidity, mortality and prolong the duration of the ICU stay with a concomitant increase in the cost of treatment. The mortality rate in these patients may exceed 40% in some studies [3]. Many ventilatory maneuvers have been introduced recently to decrease the percent of re-intubation and re-ventilation after full weaning and extubation, break this vicious circle and save the patients who ventilated for a long time (> 1week) from being ventilator dependent. Those maneuvers include the use of either invasive or noninvasive ways of assisted ventilation for certain periods until the patient can maintain oxygenation by his/her own respiratory muscles. The physiological notions for these maneuvers are to give time for patient's diaphragm and respiratory muscle to rebuild ATP and powerfully contract again after a prolonged period of rest from controlled ventilation [3-5]. In our center, we used the traditional way of extubation for a long time (explained in the material and methods), but recently there have been many new ways introduced in clinical practice [4]. Our center conducts this study to introduce two new maneuvers in the clinical practice of extubation and compare their results with the result of the traditional way of extubation used many years ago . The first one was immediate noninvasive ventilation (BIPAP) every 12 hours for only one day. The second was reconnection of the patients who were ventilated for one week or more to controlled mechanical ventilation for one hour before extubation. Besides the careful clinical assessment, with attention to underlying medical conditions and co- morbidities of those patients [5], the main causes of re-intubation in such patients should be kept in mind, which may be diaphragmatic and respiratory muscle fatigue from myopathy which developed from a prolonged time of ventilation, hidden underlying significant respiratory impairment prior to hospitalization and significant comorbidity which might be acquired in the hospital e.g.(critical illness neuropathy, and/ or upper air way problems from prolonged intubation) or previously known systemic disease e.g.(diabetes, hypertension, renal and/or liver impairment…etc.) which accelerate and aggravate the development of critical illness neuropathy and myopathy [6].

2. AIM OF THE WORK

The study aimed to compare and evaluate the effect of use of two new maneuvers with control after fulfilling criteria of weaning from prolonged ventilation, either immediate use of NIV post-extubation every 12 hours for 24 hours or MV for one hour on both re-intubation and ICU discharge of traumatic ARDS patients who ventilated for one week or more.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

It is a prospective, double-blind study on total 300 patients, admitted to King Abdelaziz specialist hospital in Taif, KSA. It started on April 2019 and ended on June 2020 with respiratory failure ARDS due to severe lung contusion with the following criteria: Hypoxic index less than 200, bilateral parenchymatous lung infiltrate, SPO₂< 90% with Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) or the continuous need of NIV for more than 4 hours to maintain the previous saturation. Lung contusion was diagnosed by Computerized tomography of the chest. All patients selected to be ventilated for one week or more and only those who showed full criteria of weaning from the ventilator enrolled in our study. Our criteria of weaning include: fully conscious patients, hemodynamically stable without any inotropic support, hypoxic index (PAO₂/FIO₂) more than 200 calculated from the Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) and FIO₂, bicarbonate level in arterial blood more than 20 mmol/l, hemoglobin level more than 10 gm/dL, chest X-ray less than one quadrant parenchymatous infiltration in each lung on Murray score of chest X-ray, rapid shallow breathing index <105. Patients were randomly allocated in one of three groups; each group contains 100 patients. The randomization sequence was created using Excel 2007 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) with a 1:1 allocation using random block sizes of 2 and 4 by an independent doctor. In this way, sequence generation and type of randomization can be expressed at the same time. Patients of group A (considered the control group of this study) were extubated and followed our routine protocol of management post-extubation, which includes Nebulization with Ventolin and epinephrine racemic every 8 hours for 48 hours. Chest Physical Therapy (CPT) every 6 hours for 48 hours includes clapping percussion with mechanical vibration and suction plus huffing or coughing and postural drainage if there was atelectasis seen by our routine chest X-ray. Patients of group B reconnected to mechanical ventilation before extubation for one hour with sedation with midazolam 3-5 milligram/hour intravenous infusion to achieve score 0 or -1on Richmond Agitation - Sedation Scale (RASS) (Table 1) [7]. 20 minutes before the end of this hour, midazolam infusion was discontinued and patients awoke and extubated. Those patients were subjected to Mechanical Ventilation (MV) with the following parameters, FIO₂ 40%, pressure SIMV mode, PEEP 8 cm H₂O, pressure support 15cm H₂O, respiratory rate 14/min, Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP) of 35cm H₂O. Then patients were extubated and followed our previous protocol without the use of NIV.

While patients of Group C extubated and immediately connected to NIV with BIPAP mode for 1 hour and this procedure was repeated every 12 hours for 48 hours. BIPAP was used in our study with the following parameters, 40% FIO₂, PEEP 8 cm H₂O, pressure support of 15 cm H₂O. All patients were followed for 48 hours and data are represented every eight hours that are categorized as follows:

3.2. Sample Size

The sample size must be according to the research context, including the researcher’s objectives and proposed analyses.

The following formula was used to calculate the required sample size in this study;

Where n is the sample size, Z is the statistic corresponding to the level of confidence, P is expected prevalence, and d is the precision (corresponding to effect size). The level of confidence was 95%. By using this equation, the sample size was 300 cases in each group (i.e. 100 cases in the three groups).

P value was considered significant if < 0.05.

Table 2.

Score of severity	0	1	2	3	4
Chest X-ray	Non	1 quadrant infiltrated	2 quadrants infiltrated	3 quadrants infiltrated	4 quadrants infiltrated

Table 3.

Age in years	Group A (n=100)	Group B (n=100)	Group C (n=100)	P value
18-30	24	26	25	0.999
31-45	43	44	42
46-55	15	14	16
56-65	12	11	12
>65	6	5	5
Sex	Group A (n=100)	Group B (n=100)	Group C (n=100)	P value
Male	76	78	77	0.945
Female	24	22	23

4. RESULTS

5. DISCUSSION

Actually, in this study, we used many tables showing fourteen indicators. These indicators could be divided into respiratory, hemodynamics, laboratory, radiological, and lung mechanics indicators. These indicators make the decision of re-intubation an objective decision as this decision was supported by all these indicators to make our results more reliable.

By reviewing results, we found that more than 80% of the patients had age below 56 years and more than 75% of them were males. This can be explained by the social rules in Saudi Arabia (KSA) where the percentage of male drivers are more common than female drivers and most of them start driving at a very young age; this is the reason why road traffic accidents are the second cause of deaths in KSA [9]. Regarding conscious level, patients who had GCS <10 were significantly higher in number in group A compared to group B and C. Considering the results of clinical respiratory parameters, patients who had respiratory rate > 35/min, SPO₂ < 85%, parenchymatous lung infiltration >3 quadrants in chest Xray were significantly higher in group A compared to group B and C while no significant difference found in those parameters between group B and group C in the studied period. With respect to laboratory parameters measured by ABG, patients who had PaO₂< 80 mm Hg, PCO₂ > 50 mm Hg and PH of < 7.25 were significantly more in number in group A compared to group B and C while no significant difference found in those parameters between group B and group C in the studied period.

With respect to the dynamic lung volumes, parameters measured by Cosmed Pony FX Spirometer, FEV1<60%, FVC <60% and MVV < 60 Liter/min were significantly higher in group A compared to group B and C while no significant difference found in all those parameters between group B and group C patients in the studied period.

With respect to hemodynamic parameters, a significantly higher number of patients in group A had mean arterial blood pressure > 110 mm Hg, and pulse > 100/ min compared to group B and C, while no significant difference was found in those parameters between group B and group C patients in the studied period.

There were a significantly higher number of reintubated patients at the end of the studied period in group A (43 patients) compared to group B (13 patients) and group C (10 patients). There were a significantly higher number of patients discharged from the ICU in both groups B and C (87 and 90 patients respectively) compared to group A (57 patients only), while no significant difference was found between group B and C.

All the above recorded data could be explained by gradual retention of CO₂ and development of the increasing level of hypoxemia during the studied period, which led to an increase in the number of patients who had deterioration of conscious level due to CO₂ narcosis and gradual development of systemic and brain hypoxia; this occurs with gradual regression in all respiratory parameters and development of the hyperdynamic circulation with both tachycardia and hypertension due to increased sympathetic outflow due to hypercapnia and hypoxia. In fact, autopsy studies of braindead donors have shown diaphragm myofiber atrophy, a phenomenon attributed to complete diaphragm inactivity that is evident within the first 3 days of full ventilatory support [10]. A recent study measuring changes in diaphragmatic thickness and contractility by ultrasound found more than a 10% decrease in diaphragmatic thickness in nearly half of the patients during the first week of full ventilatory support which was associated with lower contractile activity [11]. Diaphragmatic contractile activity varied widely from patient to patient over the first week of full ventilatory support. Therefore, it is likely that our patients had varying levels of muscle dysfunction, although we have no direct measurements to support this theory. One of the major causes of the high success rate in both groups B&C was the early application of the full supportive ventilatory techniques, immediately after programmed extubation, which probably kept the upper airways open, improving ventilation and oxygenation, thus preventing the overload of the respiratory muscles, the development of atelectasis, ventilation / perfusion disorders, and respiratory distress in already fatigued muscles (diaphragm and respiratory muscles) from spontaneous breathing trials. Another important factor for respiratory muscle function is fatigue. The pathophysiological background of this fatigue is the early depletion of the ATP from the muscle fibers shortly after spontaneous breathing trials following prolonged full ventilatory support. Fatigue involves two components: high-frequency fatigue, which can be resolved in 10 - 15 min, and low-frequency fatigue, which can persist for more than 24 h. Unfortunately, the lack of physiological data in our study does not allow us to know why we have obtained such striking results. We can only speculate about the mechanisms for improvement on the basis of previous studies. In a study on healthy volunteers, Laghi et al. [12], found that diaphragm fatigue was mainly due to low-frequency fatigue and took more than 24 h for complete recovery. In the same study, the greatest recovery of the diaphragm occurred in the first hour of rest. However, they could not show whether the patients under MV developed low-frequency fatigue; they speculated that this was due to greater recruitment of the rib cage and expiratory muscles and patients being reconnected to the ventilator for clinical signs of distress before fatigue developed [13]. Probably, the work of breathing load imposed by spontaneous breathing trial is not high enough to fatigue the diaphragm in patients who pass it, but some of these patients could be weak enough to experience failure hours after extubation. Thus, we hypothesize that resting for 1 h with full ventilatory support could allow those patients at risk of fatigue to recover and rebuild ATP by their muscle fibers in the diaphragm and respiratory muscles to avoid respiratory distress in the post-extubation period.. Many studies prove the effectiveness of use of Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) post-extubation to reduce failure of weaning and reconnection to mechanical ventilation in the first 48 hours post-extubation explain their results by giving the same physiological explanation done before. Susana R. Ornico et al., in 2013 [14] conducted a randomized, prospective, controlled, unblinded clinical study at a single center of a 24-bed adult general ICU in a university hospital for a 12-month period. Included patients met extubation criteria with at least 72 hours of mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory failure and proved that NIV prevented 48 hours reintubation if applied immediately after elective extubation in patients with more than 3 days of full ventilatory support when compared with the control group (mask user group). Burns KE. et al., in 2009 [15] conducted a meta-analysis of the use of noninvasive ventilation to wean critically ill adults off invasive ventilation and obtain the same results and proved the significant effect of NIV in preventing reintubation after successful extubation in prolonged ventilated patients. (Ferrer M. et al., 2006 [16], Antonelli M. et al., in 2008 [17], Trevisan CE. in 2008 [18] and Ferrer M. et al., in 2009) [19].

Our study is considered one of the important studies comparing the use of NIV with MV with respect to the effect of reintubation and failure of weaning and results with the control group. But still, the major limitation of this study was the nature of the sample size as the social rules mentioned in the discussion make the sample restricted to young males and not the old age or pediatric age group. Therefore, we could not apply our results to all populations. So, there is a need to study the effect of those two maneuvers on prolonged ventilation in the two extremes of ages (old and pediatric ages). Another limitation of our study was the long list of exclusion criteria. So, we need more research works to study the effect of those maneuvers in comorbid patients with prolonged ventilation like COPD, diabetic, ischemic heart and hypertensive patients. The last limitation point is the traditional way of extubation used in our study and up till now, no agreement has been achieved among the researchers on one way of extubation so this means that the control group could vary between centers and researcher.

CONCLUSION

Use of either NIV every 12 hours for 24 hours or MV for one hour after fulfillment of weaning criteria reduces reintubation, re-ventilation and post-extubation respiratory failure and decreases the ICU stay in prolonged ventilated patients due to ARDS from severe lung trauma with no significant difference between them.

REFERENCES