Oral Ergotamine versus Theophylline as Treatment of Post-dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) in Cesarean Section: A Randomized Clinical Trial

1. INTRODUCTION

Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the complications of spinal anesthesia that occurs in 3-17.9% of patients [1]. Loss of cerebrospinal fluid, decrease in intracranial pressure, and subsequent compensatory vasodilation are the possible causes [1]. Increasing the diameter of the needle used in spinal anesthesia, more punctures for spinal anesthesia, a previous history of post-spinal anesthesia, and a history of chronic headaches are associated with a higher incidence of headaches [2]. Headaches can be severe enough to disrupt a person's life, and may even last days and weeks, being uncomfortable for a mother who has recently had a child and may have difficulty with breastfeeding and infant care [3].

Early treatment of headaches is symptomatic and supportive, including rest, fluid administration, medication, and eventually the Epidural Blood Patch (EBP) [1]. Studies have shown that drugs, such as caffeine, aminophylline, pregabalin, gabapentin, somatotropin, methergine (methylergonovine), dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone, are effective in the treatment of PDPH [4]. However, in this regard, there is still no general agreement [5-7]. The ergotamine C tablets cause cerebral vasoconstriction through stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. They are used for the treatment of vascular headaches (migraine and clustering). Given this mechanism, they appear to be effective in the treatment of PDPH. Also, the caffeine contained in this pill is also used in the treatment of PDPH due to its vasoconstrictor effects on the brain vessels; it increases the rate of ergotamine uptake [8].

Theophylline tablets, which are among methyl xanthines, cause cerebral vasoconstriction through inhibition of phosphodiesterase and increase in cellular CAMP concentration and antagonistic effects of adenosine receptors and can be used to treat PDPH [9]. If drugs are not effective, invasive methods, such as Epidural Blood Patch or Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block (SPGB) [10], are used, which are less well-known due to their invasive and associated complications. Various studies have investigated the efficacy of injecting caffeine, theophylline, and aminophylline intravenously in the prevention and treatment of PDPH, with different results reported. Most studies have focused on the effect of theophylline or aminophylline in PDPH treatment with placebo; however, so far, no studies have compared the effects of theophylline and ergotamine on PDPH treatment. Therefore, we decided to evaluate and compare the effect of oral administration of theophylline and ergotamine C in PDPH treatment.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This randomized clinical trial was conducted with the permission of the Ethical Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSHA.REC.1397.415) and registered at the Clinical Trials Center by the code IRCT20120915010841N14 at Fatemieh Hospital in Hamedan in 2018. Data collection tools included a researcher-made checklist tailored to the purpose and variables of the study to record the scores of pain, drug side effects, and patient satisfaction. Consecutive sampling was performed on women undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia who had PDPH and met the inclusion criteria. Sixty subjects were selected.

3. RESULTS

In this study, 60 parturients, who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, had PDPH, and met the inclusion criteria, were randomly assigned into two groups of 30 parturients receiving either theophylline or ergotamine C (Fig. 1). A total of 19 patients in group A and 18 patients in group B had PDPH on the first day after cesarean section.

The mean age of patients was 28.8 ± 6.6 in the theophylline group and 30.1 ± 7.1 in the ergotamine C group (P = 0.465). Mean initial headache severity (VAS) was 8.6 ± 1.1 in the theophylline group and 8.6 ± 1.5 in the ergotamine C group (P = 1.00). The mean time to onset of headache was 30.2 ± 20.8 in the theophylline group and 40.5 ± 20.1 in the ergotamine C group (P = 0.154). A total of 3.3% of the theophylline group and 10% of the ergotamine group had previous PDPH (P = 0.612).

The number of punctures more than once was 60% in the theophylline group and 73.3% in the ergotamine group (P = 0.545).

In both groups, the intensity of headache decreased at 8 and 24 hours after administration of theophylline and ergotamine. There was a statistically significant reduction compared to pre-intervention (Theophylline from 8.6 ± 1.1 to 0.2 ± 0.1 and Ergotamine from 8.6 ± 1.5 to 0.4 ± 0.2). However, the difference between the two groups in headache intensity before intervention and at 2, 8, and 24 hours after the intervention was not significant. This means that the decrease in VAS of headaches was similar in the two groups. Duration of headache after the intervention was similar in both groups and was between 15 and 18 hours (15.7 ± 5.9 in the theophylline group versus 17.5 ± 14.2 in the ergotamine c group) (Table 1).

There was no significant difference in the frequency of vertigo, tinnitus, epigastric pain, hot flashes, nausea, and vomiting in both groups. Nausea and vomiting were the most frequent complications. None of the patients had tinnitus, epigastric pain, and hot flash (Table 2).

Patients' satisfaction and analgesic use in the ergotamine and theophylline groups were not significant (P = 0.063), indicating that the two groups had similar analgesic consumption and satisfaction. The most common site of headache was frontal (33.8%) and 8.1% of patients had diffuse pain. A total of 18.9% of patients had neck stiffness, which was similar in both groups.

4. DISCUSSION

The findings of the present study showed that oral administration of 100 mg of theophylline and 1 mg of ergotamine every 8 hours in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia who was suffering from PDPH demonstrated good effects on the relief of headaches. Both drugs had no significant adverse effects, such as nausea and vomiting. In a similar study conducted by Wu and colleagues [12], in which patients with PDPH were administered 250mg of intravenous aminophylline, it was observed that VAS decreased from 7.72 at 30 and 60 minutes to 4.8 + 2.53 and 3.56 + 2.06 and 1.44 + 1.87 on the first and second days, respectively. They concluded that intravenous administration of aminophylline is effective and safe in the treatment of headaches after spinal anesthesia. In a similar study conducted by Ergün colleagues [13], the effects of theophylline and placebo were compared in the treatment of PDPH. It was concluded that the VAS of headache decreased from 7.05 + -1.47 (before theophylline administration) to 2.88 + -2.31 (after theophylline injection), which was consistent with the findings of the present study.

In the study of Yang et al. [14], it was reported that prophylactic administration of 250 mg of aminophylline 30 minutes after the cesarean section was associated with a reduced incidence of PDPH compared to the placebo (3.4 vs. 17.2%), which also had not serious complications in patients.

Sadeghi and colleagues [15] demonstrated that intravenous infusion of aminophylline 1.5 mg/kg after the birth of neonates in women who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia decreased the risk of PDPH at 24 and 48 hours after surgery with a significant difference from the placebo group. As can be seen in the above studies and our study, aminophylline administration was effective in reducing the incidence of PDPH. However, in a study conducted by Zajac and colleagues [16], it was found that oral administration of caffeine and intravenous administration of magnesium (2 gr) and aminophylline (250 mg) daily had no effect on reducing the incidence of PDPH in patients who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, which was inconsistent with the results of the present study. In a study carried out by Schwalbe and colleagues [17], theophylline was found to be effective in the treatment of PDPH; it was consistent with the results of the present study.

There are few studies on the use of ergotamine in the prevention or treatment of PDPH; therefore, further studies are needed. In a study conducted by Hakim and colleagues [18], the intravenous administration of methyl ergonovine was found to be effective in treating PDPH due to cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, which was consistent with the results of the present study. The results of a study conducted by Saper and colleagues showed that oral administration of methyl ergonovine was effective in the prevention of refractory migraine headaches [19]. In a study, Blaha and colleagues [20] reported that caffeine administration reduces cerebral blood flow and can be used to treat headaches associated with cerebral vasodilation, which is consistent with the results of the present study. Methyl ergonovine maleate is a useful drug for controlling postpartum hemorrhage and is effective in reducing uterine bleeding by inducing uterine contractions. On the other hand, it activates the vomiting center in the medulla and serotonin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and may cause nausea and vomiting. The results of the present study also showed that about 10% of patients complained of nausea and vomiting. Overall, as confirmed by other studies, it can be concluded that since methyl ergonovine is effective in controlling postpartum hemorrhage, it can be a plausible choice for the relief of headaches in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. The results of a study conducted by Anvari Pour et al. [21] demonstrated that cesarean patients who received methyl ergonovine had less need for vasoconstrictors and more stable hemodynamic conditions.

Since theophylline and ergotamine are easy to use and their side effects are less, they are easily accepted by the patient and can be a good alternative to more aggressive methods, such as an epidural blood patch or intravenous drug injection. The relatively small sample size and the measurement of pain intensity based on the person's opinion (subjective) were the limitations of the present study.

CONCLUSION

Oral administration of theophylline and ergotamine C are both effective in the treatment of post-dural puncture headaches in cesarean patients and have similar efficacy.

REFERENCES