The Role of an Ultrasound-Guided Block of the Deep Plane of the Serratus Muscle in a Modified ERAS Protocol for Cardiac Surgery

1. INTRODUCTION

To date, the mainstay for pain treatment in cardiac-surgery is the administration of parenteral opioids even if these drugs are associated with many side effects, including the risk of sedation with respiratory depression, paralytic ileus, nausea and vomiting [1, 2]. Especially in severely ill patients, such as patients candidate to cardiac surgery, there is the necessity to reduce the side effects of opioid administration, and there is growing interest in multimodal opioid-sparing approaches that can adequately address pain through the additive or synergistic effects of different types of analgesics improving patients compliance and reducing the discomfort [3].

In this context, locoregional anesthesia can bring essential advantages in the prevention of cognitive dysfunctions and intraoperative complications.This type of approach allows the fulfillment of opioid-sparing or opioid-free anesthesia, entirely consistent with the minimally invasive surgical evolution, also facilitating rapid postoperative recovery.

Recent studies, the ERAS approach, if applied to cardiac surgery, has shown promising results; however, evidence-based protocols have not emerged yet.

In this case report, we describe two cases of elective myocardial revascularization using a mini-invasive surgical procedure associated with an opioid-sparing anesthesiological approach based on continuous SAP block.

2. CASES DESCRIPTION

Two male patients were admitted at the cardiac-surgery service of the “San Michele” nursing home in Maddaloni (Caserta, CE) of the after episodes of chest pain and positive stress test for signs and symptoms. The coronary angiography showed total chronic occlusion of the middle part of the anterior interventricular artery and the anterograde attempt to solve it by the percutaneous intervention was not effective. The two patients, aged 62 and 67, affected by hypertension and dyslipidemia, one of them allergic to Paracetamol, received preoperative counseling to define their perioperative analgesia targets.

Both were candidates to elective mini-invasive off-pump Cardiopulmonary Bypass Grafting (CPB), associated with an opioid-sparing anesthesiological approach based on locoregional techniques. The aim of this multimodal opioid-sparing approach was to guarantee a rapid pain-free recovery from the surgical intervention consisting of the harvesting of the skeletrized left internal mammary artery (AMIS) to revascularize the anterior Interventricular Artery (IVA) via mini lateral left thoracotomy. Chest X-ray and chest CT examinations were within normal limits. A blood test was within normal limits. NYHA IV, ASA IV.

On the day of surgery, the patients were premedicated with a single oral dose of gabapentin (1200 mg), 2 hours before surgery, to obtain an anxiolytic, sedative and anti-hyperalgesic effect.

In the operating room before the induction of general anesthesia, the vital signs were continuously monitored recording spO₂, cardiac frequency, respiratory rate, ECG traces, and arterial pressure through the radial artery cannulation. Anesthesia depth was monitored using the Bispectral Index (BIS).

For the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, TIVA-TCI (totally intravenous anesthesia by target-controlled infusion) was used with Propofol target at the site-effect of 3 μg/ml and Remifentanil target at the site-effect of 3.5 ng/ml. For curing, Rocuronium at 0.6 mg/kg and then in continuous infusion at 0.3 mg/kg/h.

Both patients were intubated with an 8.0 cuffed tube. Intubation was followed by insertion of the bladder catheter for monitoring diuresis and, in asepsis and with ultrasound guidance, cannulation of the right internal jugular vein with PVC monitoring.

Subsequently, the ultrasound-guided SAP deep block was performed.

For the execution of the SAP deep block in complete sterility, were used, an echograph with a linear high-frequency probe (6-12 MHz), a sterile probe-cover, a needle with a Tuohy 17 G ecoreflecting tip, an ultrasound catheter for a continuous peripheral nerve block.

Levobupivacaine (0.375%) 30 ml was injected as a start dose and, after catheter insertion, an elastomeric pump with levobupivacaine (0.125%) was connected to the catheter to obtain a constant infusion of the local anesthetic at 5 ml/h for 48 hours.

No complication occurred during the procedure.

After the execution of the block, the remifentanil infusion was suspended and a bronchial blocker was placed under bronchoscopic guidance to allow left pulmonary exclusion during surgery.

During surgery, the hemodynamic parameters remained stable and the BIS index remained between 40 and 60.

At the end of the surgery, the Rocuronium infusion was interrupted and the patients were transferred to Cardiac surgery intensive care.

The patients, in intensive care, were subjected to chest X-ray and infusion of a postoperative pain therapy consisting of 150 mg of Ketorolac in continuous infusion for 48 h. Pain assessments in ICU, in the intubated patient, was conducted by the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool, Behavioral Pain Scale, and Bispectral Index monitoring.

After an observation period of 2 hours from the end of the surgery, to evaluate the blood losses coming from the surgical drainage placed at the level of the fourth left intercostal space (site also of the surgical incision), the patients were extubated with good EGA values. In the extubated patients, we measured the patients' pain by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) from the time of extubation every 8 hours for 48 hours, evaluating static and dynamic analgesia (during cough). As a rescue dose, if the NRS exceeded the value of 5, we would have used Tramadol 100 mg e.v. For both patients, the NRS fluctuated between the values of 0 and 4.

3. DISCUSSION

Although we can not produce a multimodal opioid-sparing pain management definitive protocol, we are almost sure to guarantee that evidence recommends, for Cardiac Surgery (CS) programs, the use of paracetamol, tramadol, dexmedetomidine, and pregabalin (or gabapentin) based on availability.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are associated with renal dysfunction after CS [4]. Selective COX-2 inhibition is associated with a significant risk of thromboembolic events after CS [5]. The safest nonopioid analgesic may be paracetamol [6-8]. Tramadol has high delirium risk and produces a 25% decrease in morphine consumption, decreased pain scores and improved outcome postoperatively [9, 10]. Pregabalin is associated with reduced opioid consumption and is used in postoperative multimodal analgesia if it is administered 1 hour before surgery and for 2 postoperative days improves pain scores compared with placebo [11-13]. Gabapentin 600 mg 2 hours before CS is associated with significant pain reduction, opioids and postoperative nausea and vomiting [14]. Dexmedetomidine, an intravenous α-2 agonist, reduces opioid requirements and may reduce AKI after CS [15-17]. Ketamine has potential uses in CS owing to its favorable hemodynamic profile, very low incidence of respiratory depression, analgesic properties and reduced delirium incidence; more studies are needed in the CS setting [18-20].

In this context, the ultrasound-guided block of the nerve in the thoracic wall may be indicated in cardiac surgery, reducing analgesic drug dosage, request and side effects.

The ultrasound-guided block of the deep plane of the serratus muscle (SAP deep block) if performed, exactly, in the axillary region, in a more lateral and posterior position with respect to the Pecs blocks I and II, between the posterior and middle axillary line, in a compartment between the serrato muscle and the ribs can block the intercostobrachial nerve, the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves (T3-T9), the long thoracic nerve and the thoracodorsal nerve, ensuring adequate analgesia in the operations of the anterolateral thoracic wall and, at the same time, providing a less invasive, effective, safe and easy to perform method compared to paravertebral block and peridural anesthesia.

CONCLUSION

The continuous SAP deep block, if performed by expert operators and with an ultrasound-guided technique, represents a relatively simple and safe technique for the superficiality of the target structures and the distance from vessels and pleurae. Complications at the time have not been described, however as for the TAP block, the need for generous volumes of local anesthetic, especially if performed bilaterally, can lead to high plasma concentrations of local anesthetic, increasing the risk of local anesthetic toxicity.

REFERENCES